The Sanchi Stupa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of the most significant and well-preserved monuments of ancient Indian architecture and Buddhist heritage. Located in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh, about 46 kilometers from Bhopal, it is a major pilgrimage site for Buddhists and a symbol of India’s spiritual and architectural traditions.
Historical Background
- Construction: The Great Stupa (Stupa No. 1) at Sanchi was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE to house the relics of Lord Buddha.
- Expansion: During the Shunga and Satavahana periods (2nd century BCE to 1st century CE), the stupa underwent significant enlargement and embellishment.
- Rediscovery: The site was rediscovered in 1818 by a British officer and was later restored under the guidance of Sir John Marshall in the early 20th century.
Architectural Features
- The Great Stupa (Stupa No. 1)
- Structure: The stupa is a large hemispherical dome (anda) built of stone, symbolizing the cosmic nature of Buddha’s teachings.
- Relic Chamber: It houses a central chamber containing the relics of Buddha.
- Toranas (Gateways)
- Four elaborately carved gateways—north, south, east, and west—depict scenes from Buddha’s life and Jataka tales.
- These gateways are masterpieces of early Indian sculpture, showcasing events like Buddha’s enlightenment and the Wheel of Dharma.
- Harmika and Chattra
- The harmika, a square railing on top of the stupa, represents the abode of the gods.
- The triple umbrella-like structure (chattra) symbolizes the Three Jewels of Buddhism—Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.
- Surrounding Stupas and Monuments
- Smaller stupas, monolithic pillars, and monasteries encircle the Great Stupa, forming an extensive religious complex.