Fes, Morocco: A Historic City Known for Its Ancient Medina, Vibrant Souks, and Rich Cultural Heritage

Fes (or Fez) is one of Morocco’s oldest and most culturally rich cities, steeped in history and renowned for its traditional craftsmanship, medieval architecture, and vibrant atmosphere. Located in the northern part of the country, Fes is considered the cultural and spiritual heart of Morocco, and its ancient medina is a UNESCO World Heritage site

Overview of Fes

Fes is divided into three main parts: the Old Medina (Fes el-Bali), the New City (Fes el-Jdid), and the Ville Nouvelle (the modern section developed under French colonial rule). The city was founded in the 8th century by the Idrisid dynasty, and its historical significance has remained intact through centuries of dynastic changes. Fes remains a center for traditional Islamic learning, art, and culture, housing many ancient madrasas (Islamic schools) and historic sites.

Best Time to Visit

• Spring (March to May): This is one of the best times to visit Fes, as the weather is pleasant, with mild temperatures perfect for exploring the city on foot.
• Autumn (September to November): Similar to spring, autumn offers comfortable temperatures and clear skies, making it ideal for sightseeing.
• Summer (June to August): Fes can get extremely hot during the summer months, with temperatures sometimes exceeding 40°C (104°F), which may be uncomfortable for some visitors.
• Winter (December to February): Although winter is generally mild, it can get chilly, especially in the evenings, so bring warm clothing. Fewer tourists during this time mean more peaceful exploration of the city.

Historical and Cultural Attractions

1. Fes el-Bali (The Old Medina): The heart of Fes, this medieval walled city is one of the largest car-free urban areas in the world. The narrow alleys, bustling souks (markets), and ancient structures make it feel like stepping back in time. The labyrinthine streets are filled with artisan workshops, making it a haven for those wanting to experience traditional Moroccan craftsmanship.
2. Al-Qarawiyyin University: Founded in 859, this is the oldest continuously operating degree-granting university in the world. While the university itself is not open to the public, visitors can admire the stunning architecture of its mosque and library, which are some of Fes’s most significant landmarks.
3. Bou Inania Madrasa: One of the most beautiful madrasas in Morocco, the Bou Inania Madrasa is an impressive 14th-century Islamic school featuring intricate tilework, wood carvings, and an atmospheric courtyard. It provides insight into Islamic education and Moroccan architecture.
4. Medersa el-Attarine: Another stunning example of Moroccan madrasa architecture, this 14th-century religious school is known for its exquisite mosaics and woodwork. It’s located near the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, and visitors often find the tranquil courtyard and detailed interior particularly mesmerizing.
5. Chouara Tannery: Fes is famous for its ancient tanneries, and the Chouara Tannery is one of the most iconic. Here, workers still use traditional methods to dye leather, and visitors can watch the process from one of the surrounding terraces. The multicolored vats of dye create a vibrant spectacle that has been part of Fes’s heritage for centuries.
6. Royal Palace of Fes (Dar el-Makhzen): Though the palace itself is not open to the public, the surrounding gardens and exterior architecture are still worth visiting. The Royal Palace is a symbol of Morocco’s royal heritage and is located in the Fes el-Jdid area.
7. Mellah (Jewish Quarter): Fes has a long history of Jewish presence, and the Mellah is a historic Jewish quarter with narrow alleys, old homes, and synagogues. The Aben Danan Synagogue is an excellent place to learn about the Jewish community’s history in Morocco.
8. Tomb of Moulay Idriss II: Moulay Idriss II was the founder of Fes, and his tomb, located near the Medina, is an important site for both religious and historical significance. The tomb is a pilgrimage destination for many Moroccans and provides insight into the city’s Islamic roots.

Food and Cuisine

Fes is a culinary treasure trove, with food that’s deeply tied to the city’s history and culture. Some must-try dishes include:

1. Pastilla: A savory pie made with layers of thin pastry, filled with pigeon (or chicken), almonds, cinnamon, and sugar. It’s a traditional Moroccan dish often served during special occasions.
2. B’stilla: A similar dish to pastilla, but sometimes made with seafood like fish or shrimp, along with the signature blend of sweet and savory flavors.
3. Tagine: A slow-cooked stew typically made with lamb, chicken, vegetables, dried fruits, and spices. Fes is known for its distinct style of tagine, often cooked with olives and preserved lemons.
4. Harira: A rich soup made with tomatoes, lentils, chickpeas, and lamb, spiced with ginger, cinnamon, and cilantro. It’s typically served during Ramadan but enjoyed year-round.
5. Mrouzia: A Moroccan dish consisting of lamb, dried fruits, almonds, and honey. It’s especially popular during festive occasions.
6. Moroccan Sweets: Fes is famous for its traditional sweets such as Kaab el Ghazal (gazelle horns), a delicate pastry filled with almond paste and flavored with orange blossom.

Shopping in Fes

Fes is a paradise for those seeking authentic Moroccan craftsmanship. The souks (markets) are filled with an array of traditional goods:

• Leather goods: Fes is one of the best places in Morocco to buy high-quality leather products, including bags, jackets, and slippers.
• Ceramics: Traditional Fassi pottery is hand-painted with intricate designs, and you’ll find a wide variety of colorful plates, bowls, and tajines in the markets.
• Textiles: Handwoven carpets, blankets, and scarves are also abundant in the city, many of them made using ancient techniques.
• Spices: The souks in Fes are full of stalls selling spices, herbs, and fragrant oils. Morocco is known for its use of spices, and the variety available in Fes is a sensory experience.

The Atmosphere of Fes

The city is known for its bustling atmosphere, particularly in the Old Medina, where every corner brings something new to explore. The narrow alleys are home to artisans working with their hands, producing beautiful metalwork, textiles, and pottery. The call of muezzins can be heard echoing across the city from its many mosques, while the vibrant markets offer a lively shopping experience.

Despite its ancient feel, Fes is a lively and modern city with a combination of old-world charm and contemporary life. The modern parts of the city, such as the Ville Nouvelle, offer a more relaxed and cosmopolitan atmosphere with cafes, restaurants, and shops.